History of world s'mans

  Muhammad Iqbal   ( / ˈ ɪ k b ɑː l / ;   Urdu :   محمد اقبال ‎; 9 November 1877 – 21 April 1938), known as   Allama Iqbal , was a   poet ,   philosopher , theorist, and   barrister   in   British India . He is held as the   national poet   of Pakistan. He has been called the "Spiritual Father of   Pakistan " for his contributions to the nation. Iqbal's poems, political contributions, and academic and scholarly research were distinguished. [1] [2]   He inspired the   Pakistan movement   in   Subcontinent [3] [4]   and is considered a renowned figure of   Urdu literature , [5]   although he wrote in both   Urdu   and   Persian . [2] [5] Iqbal is admired as a prominent poet by  Indians ,  Pakistanis ,  Iranians ,  Afghans ,  Bangladeshis  and other international scholars of literature including the west. [6] [7] [8] [9] Though Iqbal is best known...

  Muhammad Ali Jinnah   (born   Mahomedali Jinnahbhai ; 25 December 1876 – 11 September 1948) was a   barrister ,   politician   and the founder of   Pakistan . [2]   Jinnah served as the leader of the   All-India Muslim League   from 1913 until   Pakistan's creation   on 14 August 1947, and then as Pakistan's first   Governor-General   until his death. He is revered in Pakistan as   Quaid-i-Azam   ("Great Leader") and   Baba-i-Qaum , (" Father of the Nation "). His birthday is a   national holiday   in Pakistan. Born at  Wazir Mansion  in  Karachi , Jinnah was trained as a  barrister  at  Lincoln's Inn  in  London . Upon his return to  British India , he enrolled at the  Bombay High Court , and took an interest in national politics, which eventually replaced his legal practice. Jinnah rose to prominence in the  Indian National Congre...

  The   theory of relativity   usually encompasses two interrelated theories by   Albert Einstein :   special relativity   and   general relativity . [1]   Special relativity applies to all physical phenomena in the absence of   gravity . General relativity explains the law of gravitation and its relation to other forces of nature. [2]   It applies to the   cosmological   and astrophysical realm, including astronomy. [3] The theory transformed  theoretical physics  and  astronomy  during the 20th century, superseding a 200-year-old  theory of mechanics  created primarily by  Isaac Newton . [3] [4] [5]  It introduced concepts including  spacetime  as a unified entity of  space  and  time ,  relativity of simultaneity ,  kinematic  and  gravitational   time dilation , and  length contraction . In the field of physics, relativity improve...

  Abū Mūsā Jābir ibn Hayyān   (Arabic/Persian   جابر بن حيان , often given the   nisbas , al- Azdi , al- Kufi , al- Tusi   or al- Sufi ; fl. c. 721 – c. 815), [3]   is the supposed [4]   author of an enormous number and variety of works in Arabic often called the Jabirian corpus. [5]   The scope of the corpus is vast and diverse covering a wide range of topics, including   alchemy ,   cosmology ,   numerology ,   astrology ,   medicine ,   magic ,   mysticism   and   philosophy . [6] Popularly known as the father of  chemistry , Jabir's works contain the oldest known systematic classification of chemical substances, and the oldest known instructions for deriving an inorganic compound ( sal ammoniac  or  ammonium chloride ) from  organic substances  (such as plants, blood, and hair) by chemical means. [7] As early as the 10th century, the identity and exact corpus of works o...

  During the 19th and early 20th centuries, most of the  Islamic world  fell under the influence or direct control of  European  " Great Powers ." Their efforts to win independence and build modern nation-states over the course of the last two centuries continue to reverberate to the present day, as well as fuel conflict-zones in regions such as  Palestine ,  Kashmir ,  Xinjiang ,  Chechnya ,  Central Africa ,  Bosnia  and  Myanmar . The  Oil boom  stabilized the  Arab states of the Persian Gulf , making them the world's largest oil producers and exporters, which focuses on  free trade  and  tourism . [11] [12]                                                                                  ...

  By the 8th century, the  Umayyad Caliphate  extended from  Iberia  in the west to the  Indus River  in the east. Polities such as those ruled by the Umayyads and  Abbasid Caliphate  (in the  Middle East  and later in  Spain  and  Southern Italy ),  Fatimids ,  Seljuks ,  Ayyubids  and  Mamluks  were among the most influential powers in the world. Highly persianized empires built by the  Samanids ,  Ghaznavids ,  Ghurids  made significant developments. The  Islamic Golden Age  gave rise to many centers of culture and  science  and produced notable  polymaths ,  astronomers ,  mathematicians ,  physicians  and  philoso phers  during the  Middle Ages . By the early 13th century, the  Delhi Sultanate  conquered the northern  Indian subcontinent , while Turkic dynasties like the  Sultanat...